Xaqiiqda kala soocidda ka soo horjeeda
Isticmaalka gudniinka gabdhaha ee ikhtiyaarka ah (VMMC) si loo yareeyo khatarta gudbinta HIV ee ragga heterosexual ayaa ah arrin aad u murugaysan. In kastoo ay jirto caddayn xoogan oo ah in gudniinka gabdhaha yar yar ay u nugul yihiin infekshanka HIV iyada oo loo marayo galmo-galmo aan ahayn gudniinka fircooniga ah, dhaqanku wuxuu inta badan ka hadlaa dhaleeceyn adag oo ka yimaad kuwa ka soo horjeeda gudniinka ama su'aal ka keenaya ansaxinta cilmi-baarista hore.
Tijaabooyin taxane ah oo la kala doortay oo Afrika laga soo bilaabo 2005 ilaa 2007 ayaa tusay in VMMC ay yareyn karto khatarta kufsiga galmada-ilaa-galmada meel kasta oo ka socota 51% ilaa 60%.
Iyadoo lagu saleynayo natiijada ka soo baxday tijaabooyinka, Hay'adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) iyo Barnaamijka Wadajirka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ee HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) ayaa soo saaray talooyin 2007:
"Gudniinka ragga waa in loo aqoonsadaa istiraatiijiyad dheeri ah oo muhiim ah oo ka hortagga HIV-ga ee ragga si hufan loo helo ... (laakiin) waa in aan marnaba laga beddelin hababka loo yaqaan ee ka hortagga HIV."
Sanadkii 2011, wax ka badan 1.3 milyan oo VMMC ah ayaa la sameeyey, badiba Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika halkaas oo heerka qaangaadhka ee dadka waaweyn ay kari karaan ilaa 26%. Madaxweyne Obama wuxuu ballanqaaday in uu taageerayo 4.7 milyan oo gudniinka dhamaadka sanadka 2013.
Gudniinka sida Ka Hortagga: Jid Aan aheyn?
Dhinaca kale, cilmibaadhis la mid ah ayaa muujinaysa in gudniinka dumarku aanu si isku mid ah uga faa'iideysan karin lamaane aan raali gal ahayn oo xiriir la leh xiriirka xorta ah .
Waxaa jira dhowr waxyaalood oo suurtagal ah oo keenaya dabiicadan - oo ay ku jirto jilicsanaanta noolaha ee haweenka iyo, xaaladaha qaarkood, dib u bilawga hore ee jinsiga ka hor intuusan gudniinka si buuxda loo bogsiin.
Midna ma jiro caddayn soo jeedin ah in gudniinku hoos u dhigayo halista infekshanka ragga galmoodka leh ee ragga (MSM) , halka waddada ugu muhiimsan ee infekshanku tahay galmada .
Gudniinka wuxuu bixin karaa lacagta badbaadada ragga raga galmoodka ah la galmoodo lamaane haween ah ayaa si isku mid ah u dhigma.
Dood-wadaag dheeraad ah ayaa ah xaqiiqda ah in gudniinku aanu u muuqan in ay saameyn ku yeeshaan heerarka gudbinta HIV-ga ee dalalka horumaray sida ay u sameeyaan dadweynaha guud ahaan, baahsanaanta badan ee ka jirta Afrika sida Saharan.
Iyadoo lagu saleynayo tirada ugu badan ee caddaynta, WHO / UNAIDS waxay qaabaysay hab istiraatiiji ah oo tilmaamaya:
"Saameynta ugu weyn ee caafimaadka guud ee dadweynaha waxay ahaaneysaa goobaha HIV-ga ay tahay mid aad u sarreeya (HIV-ga dadweynaha guud ee ka badan 15%), wuxuu ku faafaa sida ugu badan ee loo sii gudbiyo faafidda jeermiska, iyo halka tiro badan oo ragga (sida ka badan 80%) aan la gudin . "
Sanadkii 2011, UNAIDS waxay soo warisay in tirada dadka waaweyn ee ka hooseeya Sahara Afrika ay u dhaxeyso 10% (Malawi) iyo 26% (Swaziland). Marka la barbardhigo, heerka qaangaarka ee dadka waaweyn ee heysashada Maraykanka ee ku dhowaad 0.6%.
Miisaamidda Caddaynta
Muddadii u dhexeysay 1989 iyo 2005, tiro ka mid ah daraasado indho-indheyn oo Afrika ah ayaa sheegay in xiriirka ka dhexeeya boqolleyda ragga gudniinka ah ee ku jira qatarta khatarta sare leh iyo heerarka hoose ee infekshanka HIV. Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah natiijooyinka ay qasab ku noqotay - oo ay ka mid tahay daraasad ballaaran oo ku saabsan Uganda oo muujisay khatarta cudurka ayaa 42% ka yaraa ragga gudniinka ah-waxaa jiray daraasado badan oo lagu baranayay natiijooyinka ama su'aalaha qoraaga.
Sannadkii 2005, dib-u-eegis nidaamsan oo ah 35 daraasadood oo kormeer ah ayaa xaqiijiyay xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya gudniinka kordhay iyo hoos u dhigidda heerka haweenka u-gudbinta. Weli, caddaynta waxaa loo tixgeliyey in aysan ku filneyn in la isticmaalo gudniinka isticmaalka qalabka ka hortagga ah.
Laga soo bilaabo 2005 ilaa 2007, tijaabooyin isdabajoog ah oo la kala soocay saddexda dal ee Afrika ayaa ugu danbeyntii bixiyay caddaynta xisaabeed ee la xidhiidha taageerida dhaqanka.
- Kenya , 2,784 rag ah oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 18 ilaa 24 ayaa loo qoondeeyay daraasad uu hoggaaminayo Jaamacadda Illinois. Maxkamadeynta ayaa la joojiyey markii hore markii gudniinka loo muujiyay in uu leeyahay waxqabadka 53% ee ka hortagga isu gudbinta HIV.
- Koonfurta Afrika , 3,273 oo rag ah oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 16 iyo 24 ayaa lagu tiriyay maxkamad ay maalgeliso Agence Nationale de Recherches sur la SIDA (ANRS). Maxkamad ayaa la joojiyay ka dib 17 bilood ka dib markii natiijooyinka ku-meel-gaadhka ah ay muujisay 60% yaraanta infakshanka gudniinka gudniinka.
- Dalka Ugandha , 4,996 niman u dhexeeya 15 illaa 49 ayaa loo qoondeeyay tijaabo ay qaadeen Iskuulka John Hopkins Bloomberg ee Caafimaadka Bulshada. Maxkamadeynta ayaa sidoo kale la joojiyay ka dib markii ay muujinaysay natiijada 51%.
Inkasta oo falanqaynta maadada ay si weyn u taageertey natiijooyinka ku jira xaalad ah cudurrada Afrikaanka, qaar ka mid ah ayaa su'aal ka keenay in caqabadaha fulinta - oo ay ka mid yihiin isticmaalka kondhomka oo hoos loo dhigo iyo dabeecadda dhaqanka-aan wali si buuxda looga hadlin.
Hababka Suurtogalka ah ee loo yaqaan "Biological Methods" ee loogu talagalay gudbinta la yareeyey
Qaar badan oo daraasado ah sanadihii la soo dhaafay ayaa soo jeediyay in bakteeriyadu ay hoosta ka dambayso buuryo-wareerku inay sababi karto khatarta sii kordhaysa ee ku jirta ragga aan gudnayn. Cilmi-baaris ayaa muujinaysa in dadka bakteeriyadu cufan karaan ay u rogi karaan unugyada Langerhans ee maqaarka maqaarka "gardarrada" difaaca difaaca jirka.
Caadi ahaan, unugyada Langerhans waxay u shaqeeyaan si ay u qabtaan oo ay u soo qaadaan microbes soo galaya unugyada difaaca (oo ay ku jiraan unugyada CD4 ), halkaasoo ay ku salaysan yihiin dhexdhexaad. Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka xajmiga bakteeriyadu uu kordho, sida dhacdooyinka hoose ee buuryada, jawaab-celin ayaa ka timaadaa, unugyada Langerhans waxay dhab ahaantii ku faafaan unugyada leh microbes-ka xad-dhaafka ah halkii ay ka bixin lahaayeen.
Marka la gudo guska, bakteeriyadu waxay ka hooseysaa buuryada maqaarkeeda oo aan awoodin inay ku raaxaysato, sidaas awgeed waxay yareyneysaa jawaabta bararsan. Cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah waxay keeni kartaa horumarinta agabyada microbicidal ama xeelado kale oo aan ahayn qaliinka si loo yareeyo saameynta.
Waxqabadka Barnaamijka ee Afrika
Qaababka xisaabeed ee WHO, UNAIDS iyo Xarunta Koonfur Afrika ee Habka Fududaynta iyo Falanqaynta (SACEMA) waxay soo jeedinaysaa, in goobo aad u fara badan oo ah jinsiga galmoodka ah uu yahay qaabka ugu horeeya ee isu gudbinta, hal infekshan cusub ayaa laga hortagi doonaa shantii nin ee cusub ee la guday . Marka la eego, haddii 90% ragga la guday dadkaas, waxaa laga yaabaa inay hoos u dhac ku yimaadaan cudurrada haweenka ee qiyaastii 35% ilaa 40% (sababtoo ah heerarka hoose ee caabuqa bulshada).
Falanqaynta qiimaha waxtarka leh ayaa muujisay, in marka laga hortago cudurradan, culeyska nidaamyada daryeelka caafimaad ayaa noqon kara mid aad u yar. Mid ka mid ah daraasaadka gobolka Gauteng ee Koonfur Afrika-halkaasoo heerka infekshinka uu ka sareeyo 15% - wuxuu sheegayaa in qiimaha 1,000 oo ragga ah (qiyaastii $ 50,000) ay soo saari karaan kharashka nafeed oo ka badan $ 3.5 milyan daawooyinka antiretroviral oo kaliya, kharashka daaweynta iyo / ama isbitaalada.
Hase yeeshee, qaar ayaa ku dooday in xisaabiyadu ay aad u fiicnayn, halka hal (dood badan) laga doodo ay muujinayso in hirgelinta borogaraamka lacag-bixinta ee bilaashka ah ay 95 jeer ka kharash-badan yihiin kuwa ka baxsan gudniinka si looga hortago cudurka HIV.
Sannadkii 2013, WHO ayaa oggolaatay isticmaalka Prepex, qalabka ugu horeeya ee ragga ah ee aan qalliinka ahayn. Giraanta daboolka ah ee dabacsan ayaa u baahan wax suuxdin ah oo si toos ah loogu dhejiyo buuryada, sidaas awgeedna dhiigga laga gooyo. Hal toddobaad gudaheed, nudaha qaliinka ee dhintay ayaa laga saari karaa iyada oo aan wax boog ah ama tolmo furan. Tiknoolajiyadaan cusub ayaa la rajeynayaa in ay kordhiso tirada VMMCs-ga 27 milyan illaa 2020.
Gudniinka ma yahay mid ka hortag ah Maraykanka?
Marka laga eego aragtida daryeelka caafimaadka dadweynaha, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in hay'ad caalami ahi aysan ku talinayn gudniinka gabdhaha inay tahay doorasho ka hortag ah HIV. Dhab ahaan, waxaa jira faraqyo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan cirbadaha Afrikaanka ah ee ka soo horjeeda dunida horumartay, gaar ahaan in ka badan 60% infekshannada cusub ee Maraykanka ayaa ka mid ah MSM.
Intaa waxaa dheer, saameynta xun ee haweenka - horeba u jilicsan sababo la xidhiidha bayoolojiga iyo dhaqaale-dhaqaale-waxay u muuqataa inay ka culus yihiin waxtarka suuragalka ah ee hirgelinta ballaaran, xataa xitaa bulshooyinka khatarta ku jira ee heerarka heterosexual ee heerarka sareeyo. Qaar waxay xitaa aaminsan yihiin in farriinta la beegsanayo gudniinka gudahooda ay saameyn xun ku yeelan karto bulshooyinka ay cambaareyntu hore u socoto oo ay isticmaalaan kondomka si joogto ah hoos ugu dhaco 50%.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro badan oo daraasado ah ayaa muujiyay in gudniinka gabdhaha ah uu yareyn karo khatarta nolosha ragga Maraykanka ee halista ah ee HIV-ga lagu helo 20%. Sannadkii 2012, Akadeemiyada Maraykanka ee Caafimaadka Carruurta waxay soo saartey cadeyn siyaasadeed oo la cusbooneysiiyay oo muujinaysa "faa'iidooyinka caafimaad ee gudniinka gabdhaha dhalida ayaa ka culus halista iyo in faa'idooyinka nidaamku ay xaq u leeyihiin helitaanka nidaamkan ee qoysaska doorta." Ka mid ah faa'idooyinka liiska ku jira ayaa ahaa ka hortagga infekshinka kaadimareenka , kansarka galmada , iyo gudbinta cudurrada galmada qaarkood, oo ay ku jiraan HIV .
Dhakhaatiirta iyo mas'uuliyiinta caafimaadka intooda badani waxay ku qaataan meel aan la isku haleynin oo ku saabsan gudniinka gabdhaha qaangaarka ah, iyaga oo ku nuuxnuuxsanaya inay hoos u dhacayso halkii ay ka takhalusi lahayd khatarta galmada-galmada ee HIV. Hadda ma jiraan wax talooyin ah oo Maraykanku u leeyahay isticmaalka gudniinka ikhtiyaariga ah si loo yareeyo khatarta gudbinta ee ragga.
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