Cephalosporins waa mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu ballaadhan daawooyinka ee adduunka. Fursadaha waa in aad la kulantay antibiyootikadaan xataa haddii aadan aqoonin magaca. Tusaale ahaan, waxyaabo kale, Keflex (cefalexin) ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daweeyo caabuqyada maqaarka. Intaa waxaa dheer, Rocephin (Ceftriaxone) waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo cudurka pneumonia .
Waxaa jira shan jiil oo ah cephalosporins.
Waa maxay Cephalosporins?
Cephalosporins ayaa markii ugu horreysey laga helay biyaha tuubada biyaha tuubada Sardinia 1945. Markii la soo saaray 1964, cefalosporin-kii hore ayaa loo qoray.
Cephalosporins waxay u dhigantaa qaab la mid ah antibiyootigyada kale. Sida picicillins, cephalosporins waxay leeyihiin garaac beta-lactam oo ku xiran giraanta dihyrdothiazole. Dhiibitaanka safafka dihyrdothiazole waa noocyo kala duwan oo dhinac ah, ka kooban kuwaas oo ka dhigaya cephalosporins kala duwan daawooyinka kala duwan iyo waxqabadka antimicrobial.
Cephalosporins waxay leeyihiin saddex habab oo kala duwan:
- Xaq u yeelashada borotiinka-baaraashka ee penicillin-ga.
- Ka hortagga qalabka derbiga ee naqshada.
- Kala-shaqeynta autoltic (self-destructive) enzymes ee derbiga baakteeriyada
Cephalosporins waxay u qaybsan yihiin shan jiil. Si kastaba ha noqotee, cefalosporins kala duwan oo jiilka ka mid ah ayaa mararka qaarkood aan la xidhiidhin oo ay leeyihiin waxyaabo kala duwan oo waxqabadyo ah (ka fakar halxycycins).
Cilmi-baaris lagu baray xirfadlayaasha daryeelka caafimaadka badankood waxay tahay in jiilalka dambe ee cephalosporins, hoos u dhac ku yimaadda feerka-hoos u dhaca marka hoos u dhaca kororka caymiska.
Hal boqol ilaa 3 boqolkiiba dadka oo dhan ayaa xasaasiyad ku leh cefalosporins. Dhab ahaan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, lambarkan badanaa wuu sarreeyaa maxaa yeelay dadka xasaasiyadda ku leh penicillin badanaa looma qoro cephalosporins.
Cuntada ugu horeysa ee cephalosporins
Jiilka koowaad ee cephalosporins waxay ku yimaadaan qaabab afka iyo xididada ah. Waxay ka firfircoon yihiin Viridans streptococci, koox Cermolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli , Klebsiella iyo Proteus. Sida dhammaan cefalosporins kale, jiilka kowaad ee cephalosporins ma shaqeeyaan enterococci.
Tusaalooyinka jiilka kowaad ee cephalosporins waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda:
- Cephalexin (Keflex)
- Cephradine
- Cefadroxil
- Cefazolin (intravenous iyo intramuscular)
Guud ahaan, jiilka kowaad ee cephalosporins ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu dagaalamo maqaarka iyo infakshannada kale ee jilicsan, infekshannada neefta, iyo cudurada kaadi-mareenka. Jilicada jilicsan ee jeffalporporins waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida prophylaxis ka dib habab qalliin oo nadiif ah. Fikradda gaarka ah, cudurka MRSA wuxuu yareeyaa waxtarka jiilka kowaad ee cephalosporins sidii macnaheedu ahaa daaweynta iyo daaweynta.
Cefalosporins-Second Generation
Guud ahaan, jiilka labaad ee cephalosporins ayaa si firfircoon uga soo horjeeda noolaha aan fiicnayn, taas oo ka dhigeysa kuwo ka faa'iideysanaya xaalado caafimaad oo badan.
Tusaale ahaan, jiilka labaad ee cephalosporins ayaa si firfircoon uga soo horjeeda muruqyada Proteus iyo Klebsiella. Jiilka labaad ee cephalosporins ayaa sidoo kale la dagaalamaya H.
influenza-sabab u ah oof-wareen, sepsis, iyo meningitis-ka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, jiilka kowaad ee cephalosporins ayaa guud ahaan wali ka fiican marka la daaweynayo cudurada gram-positive.
Tusaalooyinka jiilka labaad ee cephalosporins waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda:
- Cefoxitin (cephamycin)
- Cefotetan (cephamycin)
- Cefuroxime (afka iyo xididka)
- Cefprozil
Jiilka labaad ee cephalosporins wuxuu daaweeyaa waxyaabaha soo socda:
- Sinusitis
- Warbaahinta Otitis (infakshanka dhegta)
- Infekshannada kufsiga ee isku dhafan oo ay ku jiraan peritonitis iyo diverticulitis
- Ka hortagga qaliinka midabada
Jiilka labaad ee cephalosporins ma leh wax fal ah Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Qaybta Saddexaad ee Cephalosporins
Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee daawada antibiyootigga sadexaad iyo kan afraad ayaa si weyn u ballaarisey daboolida bakteeriyada naxdinta leh.
Intaa waxaa dheer, jiilka sadaxaad ee cefalosporin ee cefalosporin wuxuu firfircoon yahay Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bakteeriyo keeni karta infekshinka maqaarka ee dadka qaba nidaamyada difaaca jirka caadiga ah (ka fikir ka dib markay soo qaadaan tuubo biyo kulul ama barkad hoose) iyo sidoo kale pneumonia, infakshanka dhiigga iyo ee ka mid ah kuwa leh nidaamyada difaaca jirka ee daciifka ah (ka fakar bukaanka qalliinka kadib iyo bukaanka isbitaalada la dhigo).
Waxaa jira dhowr jiilaal sedexaad oo cefalosporins ah. Ka wada hadalka dhamaantood waxay ahaan doonaan meel ka baxsan qodobkan. Aynu bedelno halkan Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) oo leh adeegyo badan oo ay ka mid yihiin:
- Infakshannada neefta ee hooseeya
- Cudurada maqaarka iyo jilicsan
- Gonorrheed gonorrhea
- Infekshinka kaadimareenka
- Warbaahinta Otitis
- Cudurka kaadimareenka ee Pelvic
- Ka hortaga qaliinka
- Bakteeriyada dhiig-sumaanka (caabuqa dhiigga)
- Qoorgooyaha
- Caabuqyada lafaha
- Caabuqyo wadajir ah
- Infakshannada gudaha ee caloosha
Cunuga afaraad ee cephalosporin
Cefepime waa kan kaliya ee la heli karo (FDA-ogolaaday) jiilka afaraad ee cephalosporin. Sida jiilka sadexaad ee ceftazidin, cefepime waa firfircoon ka dhanka ah Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, cefepime wuxuu kaashanayaa firfircoonida iyo bakteeriyada citrobacter. Ugu dambeyntii, cefepime waxaa ku jira cirbid-ool ah oo lagu barbardhigo ceftriaxone.
Halkan waxaa ku yaal qaar ka mid ah isticmaalka daaweynta cefepime:
- Dhexdhexaad u ah oof-wareen daran
- Infekshinka kudka oo xun
- Cudurada maqaarka iyo jilicsan
- Cudurada galmada ee adag
Fifth-Generation Cephalosporin
Sannadkii 2010, FDA waxay ogolaatay Ceftaroline (Teflaro), kaliya shanaad ama jiilka kowaad ee cephalosporin. Sida cefepime, ceftaroline waa antibiyooti xoog leh oo loo baahan yahay in lagu xanibo infekshanka khatarta ah. Gaar ahaan, waxay ka firfircoon tahay cudurrada badan ee difaaca jirka sida MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus ) iyo VRSA (vancomycin-resistant S. aureus) . Daawadani sidoo kale waa la isku duraa oo loo qoraa si loola dagaallamo oof-wareenka bulshada ee loo yaqaan 'pneumonia' iyo maqaarka daran iyo caabuqyada unugyada jilicsan. Nasiib wanaag, ceftarolintu waa amaan waxayna awood u leedahay in ay dhaliso iska caabin.
Sida aad hadda uga mahadcelin karto, cephalosporins waa nooc aad u kala duwan oo ka mid ah antibiyootigyada leh dabool ballaaran. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sida ugu badan antibiyootikada, iska caabinta antibiyootiggu waa walaac caafimaad oo badan, dhakhaatiirta epidemiology, saraakiisha caafimaadka bulshada, bukaanka iyo wixii la mid ah.
Ka-hortagga bakteeriyada ayaa qayb ahaan sabab u ah dhakhtarrada daawada sareeya. si kastaba ha noqotee, sida, bukaanka, waxaan sidoo kale gacan ka geysan karnaa sidii looga hortagi lahaa horumarinta iska caabinta. Tusaale ahaan, waa in aadan marwalba sugin amase dalban in daawadaada ku siinayso antibiyootiko si loo daaweeyo caabuq kaas oo aad ugu fiicnaan karo fayraska. (Antibiyootikadu waa wax aan fiicnayn oo ka dhan ah fayrasyada.) Intaas waxaa sii dheer, marka antibiyootikada loo qoro, waa lagama maarmaan inaad dhameysatid koorsada oo dhan xitaa haddii aad "dareento fiicnaan."
Ilaha:
Guglielmo B. Qalabka anti-Infektive Chemotherapeutic & Antibiyootiko. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. eds. Cilmi-baarista Caafimaadka & Daaweynta ee 2015 . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Maqaalka lagu magacaabo "Diagnosis and Management of Respiratory Immune Response to Cephalosporins" by MH Kim iyo JM Lee oo ka socda Asthma, Allergy & Immunology Research oo la daabacay 2014.
Soo bandhigid lagu magacaabo "Isticmaalka iyo Muhiimadda Cephalosporins ee Daawooyinka Bani'aadamka" by JH Powers ee FDA.