HIV Microscopy ee Sawirrada

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HIV Microscopy ee Sawirrada

Iyada oo la adeegsanayo baaritaan dheellitir leh oo dheellitir leh (SEM) iyo farsamooyinka kale ee sawirrada, saynisyahannadu waxay leeyihiin karti aad u weyn oo lagu baaro ultrastructure HIV iyo mishiinnada kale ee la xiriira cudurrada HIV.

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T-Cell Human Caafimaad Qabta

Sawir-baadhis qalabka elektarooniga ah ee T-lymphocyte (oo loo yaqaan T-unug) oo ka timid habdhiska difaaca ee deeq-bixiyeyaal caafimaad leh.

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Unugga Cagaarshow ee HIV-ga

Calaamad muujinaysa shaybaarka elekterooniga ee unugyada CD4 -ga HIV-ga qaba. Cabbiraadda kombuyuutarku wuxuu ka caawiyaa kala-saarista infekshanka HIV-ga ee jaalaha ah (marka huruud ah) marka ay ka soo baxaan unugyada cudurka qaba (cagaar iyo turquoise).

Unugyada CD4 waa nooca T-lymphocyte (ama T-unug) oo leh glycoprotein oo la yiraahdo CD4 dusha sare. Sidoo kale loo yaqaano "unugyo" caawiye, CD4 ma yareeyo infekshinka, laakiin waa inaad si dhakhso ah u qaadataa nidaamka difaaca jirku inuu u dhaqmo wakiil infekshan. Iyadoo la xakameynayo unugyada CD4, howlaha difaaca ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u xakameynaya, sii kordhaya khatarta HIV-ga ee la xiriira cudurrada faafa .

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Cudurka CD4-ga qaba (Hore)

Korodhka kor u qaadida unugyada CD4-ga HIV-ga qaba.

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Dhiirrigelinta HIV-ga ee laga helay CD4 Caabuqa

Virus-yada HIV-ga ayaa lagu muujiyey guntinta waxayna sii deynayaan unugga CD4-ga qaba.

Inta lagu jiro ama wax yar ka dib marka la gooyo, virion wuxuu galayaa marxaladda korriinshaha kaas oo dhererka dheer ee borotiinka ah lagu jarjariyo borotiinka firfircoon ee HIV iyo enzymes. Dhiig ayaa loo baahan yahay si uu fayrasku u noqdo infakshan.

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Qaaxada Mycobacterium

Baadhitaanka shaybaarka elektaroonigga ah ee bakteeriyada Mycobacterium TB , oo keena qaaxada (TB). Cudurka qaaxadu wuxuu badanaa ku dhacaa sanbabada, laakiin qaybo kale oo jirka ka mid ah, ayaa sidoo kale. Tan iyo 1993, M. tuberculosis waxaa lagu qeexay xarumaha xakamaynta iyo ka hortagga cudurrada (CDC) sida xaaladda cudurka AIDS-ka .

Dhammaan adduunka, qaaxada (TB) waa sababta ugu wayn ee dhimashada dadka qaba HIV. Maraykanka, 8,683 qof oo qaba qaaxo (TB) oo laga helay baadhitaanka HIV-ga ee 2011, 6% ayaa loo kala qaaday HIV.

_Xigasho

_{Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC). "HIV iyo Tuberculosis." Atlanta, Georgia; March 19, 2013.}

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Pneumocystis jiroveci

Qalab-dhafan oo miraayad ah oo lagu magacaabo Pneumocystis jiroveci fungi oo laga soocayo waraabka bronchial.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan PCP) ayaa loo tixgeliyaa xaalad cudurka AIDS-ka ah dadka qaba HIV. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo waxtarka daaweynta antiretroviral (CART) , dhacdooyinka PCP ayaa si aad ah hoos ugu dhacay illaa heerkulka HIV-da ee badhtamaha 1990-maadkii. Taasi waxay tidhi, PCP weli waa cudurka ugu caansan ee ku dhaca dadka qaba AIDS -ka Mareykanka

P. jirovecii waxaa markii hore lagu sifeeyay P. carinii , laakiin markii dambe wax laga beddelay si loo kala saaro noocyada kale ee Pneumocystis ee laga helo xayawaanka.

_Xigasho:

_{Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC). "Waxaad ka hortagi kartaa PCP." Atlanta, Georgia; Juun 21, 2007.}

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Candida albicans

1,000x weynaanta dhaqanka Candida albicans , oo laga soocay infekshanka shuban looga shakisan yahay.

C. Albicanska mid ka mid ah cirridka fangaska khatarta ah ee keeni kara infekshan bani-aadmiga ah, oo ka soo baxa afka caansaan-darrada ah (xanuunka) iyo xinjirowga (infakshanka ku dhaca xubinta taranka) si loo yareeyo halisaha nolosha, cudurada nidaamsan ee shakhsiyaadka difaaca jirka. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC) waxay u qoondeeyeen miyir-qabka dhiigga (cirridka sambabada, bronchi ama trachea) sida xaaladda AIDS-ka ee dadka qaba HIV.

Candidiasis wuxuu ku badan yahay dadka qaba HIV. In kasta oo hirgelinta daaweynta dabiiciga ah ee isku-dhafan (CART) ay si weyn u yareeyn karto khatarta qaadista daawada maskaxda, waxay wali tahay mid ka mid ah cudurrada ugu badan ee fursadaha fursadaha fursadaha dhaqaale iyo khayraadka saboolka ah.

C. Albicansi waa noocyada ugu badan ee la xidhiidha kiniiniyada, laakiin xitaa noocyada kale ee Candida (sida waxay keeni karaan infekshinka dadka.

_Xigasho:

_{Gona, P .; Van Dyke, R .; Williams, P .; et al. "Dhibaatooyinka Faafa iyo Caabuqyada Kale ee Cudurada qaba HIV-ga ee HAART Era." Wargeyska Ururka Caafimaadka Maraykanka (JAMA). 2006; 296 (3): 292-300.}

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Cudurka papillomavirus (HPV) waa fayras keena caabuqa bini-aadamka, waana cudurada ugu badan ee galmada lagu kala qaado (STD) ee Maraykanka. Inta badan dadka qaba HPV waa asymptomatic, oo leh saameyn yar oo muddo dheer ah, noocyada qaarkood waxay keeni karaan daawooyinka in tiro yar oo ka mid ah kiisaska, ay ku dhici karto kansarro ku dhaca afka ilmo-galeenka, faagada, guska, guska, futada, iyo oropharnx (qayb ka mid ah dhuunta dhabarka afka).

Daraasadaha waxay soo jeedinayaan in haweenka qaba HIV ay halis weyn ugu jiraan helitaanka HPV marka laga reebo dumarka aan HIV-ga qabin, iyada oo muujinaysa waxyeelo weyn oo ka yimaadda unugyada dhuunta ilmo-galeenka ee la xidhiidha HPV. Waa unugyada kuwaas oo kobcin kara kansarka makaanka afkiisa.

Kansarka ku dhaca makaanka afkiisa waa mid ka mid ah shuruudaha lagu qeexay Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC) sida cudurka AIDS-ka ee qeexaya dadka qaba HIV.

Dhanka kale, qiyaastii 90% kansarka futada waxaa loo aaneeyey HPV, ragga ragga qaba (MSM) waxay ku dhowaad 35 jeer halis ugu jiraan kansarka futada marka loo eego guud ahaan dadweynaha.

_Xigasho:

_{Singh, D .; Anasto, K .; Hoover, D; et al. "Cudurka papillomavirus ee dadka iyo cudurrada ilmo-galeenka ee ku dhaca HIV-ga HIV-ga iyo HIV-ga aan rinjiga lahayn Rwanda." Jareecada Cudurrada Cudurrada leh. 2009; 199: 1851-1861.}

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Toxoplasma gondii

Sawir-qaadidda sawir-qaadashada Toxoplasma gondii oo laga helo sambal unug.

T. gondii waa protozoan xummad ah oo keeni karta cudur loogu yeero toxoplasmosis ee dadka iyo xayawaanka kale ee diirran. Haddii aan la daaweynin, toxoplasmosis wuxuu keeni karaa infekshan daran (maskaxda maskaxda) iyo dhaawac xagga dambe leh. Calaamadaha ugu caansan ee neerfaha waa hadalka iyo mishiinka. Cudurrada waaweyn, suuxdinta, qoorgooyaha, dhaawaca dareemaha indhaha, iyo calaamadaha maskaxda ayaa badanaa la arkaa.

Toxoplasmosis-ka maskaxda waxaa qeexaya Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC) sida cudurka AIDS-ka ee qeexaya dadka qaba HIV.

In ka badan 200,000 oo xaalado ah toxoplasmosis ayaa lagu soo waramayaa Maraykanka sannad kasta, taasoo keentay in 750 oo dhimasho ah - taasoo ka dhigeysa sababta labaad ee ugu badan ee keenta cudurka dilaaga ah ee ka yimaada Salmonella .

_Xigasho:

_{Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC). "Toxoplasmosis (Cudurka Toxoplasma - Epidemiology iyo Ciladaha Halista ah" Atlanta, Georgia; Caafimaadka Caalamiga ah, Qeybta Cudurrada Ba'an iyo Duumada; January 10, 2012.}

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Salmonella

Calaamad muujinaysa mikrrrrrrrrrrroolka salmonella enterobacteria oo lagu soo galo unug aadaminimo ah.

Salmonella septicaemia waa xaalad ah in joogitaanka Salmonella ee dhiiga ay dhalinayso nolosha halis gelineysa, jawaab celinta jirka oo dhan. Salmonella septicaemia oo ku dhacda dadka qaba HIV waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin cudurrada AIDS-ka ee lagu caddeeyo Xarumaha Xakameynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC).

Iyadoo la soo marayo daaweynta daawada antiretroviral (CART) , Salmonella septicaemia waxaa loo arkaa inay ku yar tahay dadka qaba HIV ee adduunka horumaray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan dhimashada Salmonella ku xiran ee Maraykanka waa mid ka mid ah dadka waayeelka ah ama kuwa leh nidaamyo difaac adag oo adag.

_Xigasho:

_{Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC). "Lifaaqa A - Xaaladaha Qeexaya Xaaladaha." Atlanta, Georgia; dib u eegistii ugu dambaysay November 20, 2008.}

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Coccidioides waa xummad

Qalabka micrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrroon ee ' Coccidiodes' oo ku xeeldheer xayawaanka.

Coccidioimycosis waa cudur fungal ah oo keena C. Cudurka Cagaarshow ama C. posadaii , waxaana caadi ahaan loo yaqaan " Dareemo Darees ." Waxay ku saleysantahay qeybo ka mid ah Koofurta Koonfuurta Mareykanka, Texas ilaa koonfurta California, iyo sidoo kale waqooyiga Mexico, Bartamaha Ameerika, iyo Koonfurta Ameerika.

Inkasta oo coccidioimycosis guud ahaan soo bandhigto gudaha sanbabada, marka uu ku faafo cudurrada sambabada ee dadka qaba HIV, waxaa loo tixgelinayaa jiritaanka cudurka AIDS-ka ee Xarunta Xakameynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC).

Sanadkii 2011, in ka badan 22,000 oo xaalado cusub oo coccidioimycosis ah ayaa lagu soo wargaliyey CDC, oo ah toban laab oo laga soo bilaabo 1998. Kaliya Kaliya Kaliya, tirade ayaa kordhay 719 sanadii 1998 ilaa ay ka saraysay 5,697 sanadkii 2011.

_Xigasho:

_{Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC). "Kordhinta Coccidioidomycosis - Maraykanka, 1998-2011." Dhimashada iyo Miisaaniyadda Toddobaadlaha ah (MMWR). Maarso 29, 2013: 62 (12): 217-221.}

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Varicella zoster

Dareemo farsamo-koronto leh ee fayraska Varicella zoster .

Fayruska Varicella zoster (VZV) waa xubin ka mid ah qoyska fayraska fayraska, kaas oo badanaa sababa busbuska carruurta, dhalinyarada iyo dhalinyarada. Ka dib markii lagu xakameynayo infekshanka asaasiga ah, VZV waxay ku jiifsanaysaa nidaamka dareenka, iyada oo aan wax dhib ah ama cawaaqib kale.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, 10-20% kiisaska, VZV waxay dib u dhaqaajin doontaa qaan-gaadhka dambe, taas oo keentay in herpes zoster (ama shingles) . Kuwani guud ahaan waxay ku dhacaan dadka waayeelka ah ama dadka leh nidaamyada difaaca jirka ee aadka u daran.

Dadka qaba HIV waxay 17 jeer ka badan tahay inay ku dhacaan VZV marka loo eego kuwa aan HIV-ga qabin. In kasta oo herpes zoster ay u muuqato mid si joogto ah dadka shakhsiyaadka leh CD4 tiradoodu yar tahay (ka yar 200), waxay u keeni karaan dadka leh difaac dhexdhexaad ah (CD4s oo ku dhow 400).

VZV waxay leedahay lahaansho qoys oo isku mid ah sida fayraska herpes simplex (HSV) . Caabuqa VZV looma tixgeliyo cudur AIDS-ka qeexaya .

_Xigasho:

_{Jordaan, H. "Cudurrada maqaarka iyo xanuunka mucosal ee HIV / AIDS." Dhaqanka Qoyska Koonfur Afrika. 2008; 50 (6): 14-23.}

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Isku dhafka (Isospora belli)

Microtiolet micrograph ah ee aan qaan-gaarin ee Cystoisospora cayayaan cayayaan.

Cystoispora ayaa loo yaqaan (horay loo yaqaan Isospora belli ) waa xummad mindhicir ah oo keeni karta cudurka aadanaha ee loo yaqaanno cystoisosporiasis .

Iyada oo ay soo ifbaxday daaweynta daaweynta antiretroviral (CART) , cystoisosporiasis waxaa loo arkaa inay ku yar tahay dadka ku nool HIV ee adduunka horumaray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mararka qaarkood dillaac ayaa la soo sheegay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, sababtoo ah qayb weyn oo ka mid ah socdaalka socdaalka ee gobollada kulaalayaasha ah ee cudurku uu aad u ballaaran yahay.

Cystoisosporiasis waxaa lagu qeexay Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC) sida cudurka AIDS-ka ee lagu caddeeyo dadka qaba HIV.

_Xigasho:

_{Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC). "Lifaaqa A - Xaaladaha Qeexaya Xaaladaha." Atlanta, Georgia; dib u eegistii ugu dambaysay November 20, 2008.}

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Cryptococcus neoformans

Cudurka macaanka ee ' Cryptococcus neoformans' ee unugta sambabada ee dadka, oo leh unugyada caanaha cas ee casaanka.

C. neoformans waa mid ka mid ah laba nooc oo fungal ah oo sababi kara cudurka aadanaha loo yaqaan cryptococcosis. (Kan kale waa C. gattii .) Soo gudbinta waxay dhacdaa inta badan iyada oo la neefsanayo fungus, taas oo ku jirta ciidda iyo shimbirta.

Inkastoo intooda badan dadka waawayn iyo carruurta ku faafta fangasku aanay ku dhicin cryptococcosis, dadka qaba nidaamyada difaaca ee aadka u daran ayaa halis dheeraad ah leh - iyaga oo infekshan keenaya sambabada ama nidaamka dhexe ee dareenka (meesha uu keeni karo meningitis -da nolosha khatarta ku ah).

Marka la eego dunida horumartay, dhacdooyinka cryptococcosis ayaa si aad ah hoos ugu dhacay tan iyo markii la hirgeliyey daaweynta antiretroviral ee isku dhafan (CART) . Si kastaba ha noqotee, cudurku weli waa mid muhiim u ah dhimashada iyo cudurrada adduunka ee soo koraya, gaar ahaan Afrika subagga Sahara.

Cudurka 'cryptococcosis' waxaa lagu qeexay Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC) sida cudurka AIDS-ka ee lagu caddeeyo dadka qaba HIV.

_Xigasho:

_{Warkentien, T. iyo Crum-Cianflone, N. "Warbixin ku saabsan Cryptococcus ee dadka qaba cudurka HIV." Wargeyska Caalamiga ah ee Cudurrada Galmada la isugu gudbiyo iyo AIDS. Oktoobar 2010; 21 (10): 679-84.}

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Qalabka loo yaqaan histoplasma capsulatum

Sawir sawir ah oo muujinaya laba Histoplasma capsulatum fungi.

H. capsulatum waa fungus oo keeni karta cudur dadka oo loo yaqaan histoplasmosis. H. capsulatum wuxuu u gogol xaarayaa qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Afrika, koonfur bari, koonfurta Europe, iyo Bartamaha iyo Koonfurta Ameerika.

Fayraska H. capsulatum waxaa laga heli karaa ciidda, shimbirta, iyo guda-guurka. Sababtoo ah xiriirka ay la leeyihiin fawaarrada iyo godadka, cudurku waxaa badanaa lagu magacaabaa "Cave's disease" ama "Sambabada sambabada."

In ka badan 90% dadweynaha ku nool bariga iyo bartamaha Maraykanka ayaa lagu soo bandhigay H. capsulatum , iyadoo badiba la kulma dhibaatooyin yar ama aan lahayn. Kuwa badiyaa waxay la kulmaan calaamado khafiif ah, oo leh calaamado hargab, kuwaas oo si dhakhso ah u xaliya saameyn aan joogto ahayn.

Shakhsiyaadka difaaca jidhka ah, histoplasmosis waxay u gudbi kartaa infakshanka sambabada ee dabadheeraad ah, oo la mid ah tilmaanta qaaxada. Isku-dhafashada histoplasmosis, oo saameyn ku yeelan kara unugyo badan oo waaweyn, ayaa guud ahaan lagu arkaa bukaanada qaba HIV-ga CD4 oo ka yar 150 sano.

Histoplasmosis waxaa lagu qeexay Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Maraykanka (CDC) sidii xaalad AIDS-ka lagu qeexo dadka qaba HIV.

_Xigasho:

_{Kauffman, C. "Histoplasmosis: cusbooneysiin cusbitaal iyo shaybaar." Dib-u-eegista Daawooyinka Microbiology. Janaayo 2007; 20 (1): 115-132.}