Waa maxay dhakaatiirta carruurta? Tani waa su'aal sahlan dadka badankood, gaar ahaan kuwa u tagay dhaqtarka caruurta markay carruur ahaayeen. Dhakhaatiirta carruurta waa uun laanta daawada ee carruurta, sax?
Tani waa run dhab ah, laakiin dhakhaatiirta u tagaan dhakaatiirta carruurta ayaa muddo dheer ogaa in carruurtu aanay ahayn dad waaweyn oo yar. Dhallaanka, yaryar, xannaaneeyayaasha, iyo dhalinyarada oo dhan waxay leeyihiin baahiyo jidheed iyo maskaxeed oo ka duwan dadka waaweyn.
Dhakhaatiirta carruurta waxay daryeeli karaan dhamaan baahidaas oo loogu talagalay carruurta laga bilaabo dhalashada illaa da'da 21 jir.
Taariikhda Dhakhaatiirta Carruurta
Inkastoo dhakhaatiirta dhaqanka ee dhaqameedu ay ahaayeen kuwo ku dhow ilaa Hippocrates ee Giriiggii hore-oo ay u badan tahay ka hor haddii aad tixgeliso dhaqanka caafimaadka dhaqamada aan reer galbeedka-pediatrics waa laanta cusub ee daawada.
Dhakhaatiirta carruurta ee maanta waxay leeyihiin xididadooda aasaasida Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Ameerikaanka iyo Akademiyada Maraykanka ee Cilmi-nafsiga. Sida takhaatiirta kale ee takhasuska ah, tallaabada u gaarka ah ee takhasuska cudurrada caruurta ayaa u muuqda in ay sii socoto ka dib markii Ururka Caafimaadka ee Mareykanka uu ku riixay dib-u-habeeynta iyo dib-u-habaynta waxbarashada caafimaadka horraantii qarniga 20-aad.
Hoggaamiyeyaasha ugu horreeya ee cudurada carruurta, oo badanaa loogu yeero aabbaha cudurrada caruurta, waxaa ka mid ah Drs. Ibraahim Jacobi, Osler, Rotch iyo Forchheimer.
Xaqiiqdii, bayaanka siyaasadeed ee ku saabsan "Doorka Carruurta ee Beesha Pediatrics", Akademiyada Maraykanka ee Cilmi-baarista Maraykanka ayaa ugu yeeray Ibraahim Jacobi (1830-1919) "aasaasaha anshax-marinta cudurrada carruurta." Jacobi oo loo tababaray Jarmalka, Jacobi ugu dambeyntii wuxuu yimid New York wuxuuna bilaabay inuu tababaro kadibna baro waxqabadka caruurta.
Intaa ka sokow inuu yahay dhiirrigelin xooggan ee naas-nuujinta, Dr. Jacobi waxa uu ka digay in haweenka aan naas-nuujin aysan siin karin caanaha lo'da ee cunnuga iyo in ay soo bandhigaan fikirka sariirta sariirta ee ardayda.
Meelaha ugu Horeeya ee Carruurta
Qaar ka mid ah horumarinta hore ee horumarinta caafimaadka caruurta waxaa ka mid ah:
- Edward Jenner ayaa baaritaano sameeyay kaasoo keenay tallaalka ugu horreeya ee furuqa 1796
- Dr. Eli Ives wuxuu siiyay muxaadaro ardayda caafimaadka ee Yale oo ku saabsan cudurrada carruurta iyo mawduucyada kale ee caafimaad 1813 iyo 1852
- Laba ka mid ah buugaagta ugu horreeya ee dhakhtarka carruurta ayaa lagu daabacay 1825, "Daaweeynta Daaweynta Jir-Dhallinta iyo Caafimaadka ee Dhallaanka" by Dr. William Potts Dewees iyo "Baaritaannada Dhakhsaha ee Cudurada Caruurta" by Dr. George Logan
- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell wuxuu noqonayaa haweeneydii ugu horreysey oo ka qalinjabisay dugsi caafimaad oo Maraykan ah 1849-kii, kadibna wuxuu ku sii wadi doonaa isbitaalada carruurta ee ku yaalla London, Scotland, iyo Paris, isaga oo dib ugu soo laabanaya caawinta bilowga New York Infirmary for Women and Children
- Isbitaalka Carruurta ee Philadelphia ayaa la aasaasay 1854-kii, waxaana uu noqdaa cusbitaal carruurta ugu horreeya ee Maraykanka
- New York Medical College waxay bilawdo barasho caadi ah oo loogu talagalay cudurrada carruurta 1860-kii
- Louis Pasteur waxa uu soo rogaa dhir-dhaqashada 1862-ka, taas oo marka dambe la codsado in caanaha lagu badbaadiyo Franz von Soxhlet sanadka 1886
- Dr. Ibraahim Jacobi wuxuu ka caawiyaa inuu bilaabo "Journal of American Mental Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children" sanadkii 1868
- 1872-kii, Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi wuxuu noqdaa haweeneydii ugu horreysey ee noqota xubin ka tirsan Agaasinka Caafimaadka. Waxay sidoo kale furatay qaybta carruurta ee New York Infirmary ee 1886.
- Dr. Frederick Forchheimer waa dhakhtar sare marka gurigooda loogu talagalay xanaanada carruurta ee Cincinnati, Ohio, 1883 - waa isbitaalka carruurta ee ugu horreeya
- Arrinta ugu horreysa ee Archives of Pediatrics ayaa la daabacay 1884
- Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Ameerika ee Maraykanku wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo baxay 1888, iyadoo Dr. Job Lewis Smith, oo la yidhaa Dr. Abraham Jacobi, oo ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay, oo markii danbe noqday madaxwaynaha AMA
- Dr. Thomas Morgan Rotch waxaa loo magacaabay professor buuxa ee maadada dhakhtarka caruurta ee Harvard Medical School 1893
- Dr. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee lagu aqoonsado in cudurka Hodgkin uu yahay cudurka dhiigga unugyada oo aan ahayn nooca qaaxada ee 1901. Kadibna waxa uu tababar ku qaatay dhakhtarka carruurta wuxuuna baadhay arimaha caafimaadka carruurta ee Xafiiska Caruurta ee Washington DC, oo ay ku jiraan horumarinta heerarka kobcinta iyo heerarka horumarinta ilmaha.
- "The Journal of American of Diseases in Children," oo ay daabacday AMA oo hadda loo yaqaan "Archives of Pediatrics iyo Teenage-ka", ayaa billaabay inuu daabaco bisha Janaayo 1911
- Xanuunka ifilada xilliyeed ee cudurka dabaysha wuxuu bilaabaa in uu ka dhaco wadanka Mareykanka sanadkii 1916
- Sir Edward Mellanby, oo dhakhtar ka ah London, ayaa ogaaday in saliidda beerka ku jirta ay ku daweyn karaan rickets
- Dr. Emily Partridge Bacon wuxuu noqday takhasusaha koowaad ee carruurta takhasuska ah ee Philadelphia (1918). Waxaa ka mid ah casriyeynta ay soo bandhigtay wuxuu ahaa kilinigga "wanaagsan".
- Dr. Jessie Boyd Scriver wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah haweenka ugu horreeya ee wax ka barta jaamacadda McGill ee ku yaalla Montreal, Canada. Waxay noqotay guddoomiyaha Ururka Caafimaadka Carruurta ee Canada 1952, wuxuuna saameyn weyn ku yeeshay dhakhaatiirta dhallaanka ee Kanada.
- Tallaalka diphteria waxaa la soo saaray 1923, waxaana la socda tallaalka xiiqdheerta ( xiiq-dheer ) tallaalka 1926
- Dr. JP Crozier ayaa markii ugu horreysay daabacday buugiisa buugta "Cudurka dhalaanka iyo carruurta," oo ugu dambeyntii noqda buugga buugta Nelson's Pediatrics ee weli la isticmaalo maanta
- Alexander Fleming wuxuu ogaaday penicillin 1928-dii, inkastoo uusan ahayn ilaa 1940-meeyadii iyo 50-kii in penicillin uu bilaabay in loo isticmaalo sida antibiyootiko
- Akademiga Maraykanka ee Cudurada Carruurta waxaa la aasaasay bishii Juun 23, 1930, koox ka kooban 35 dhakhtar caruur ah oo ku yaal magaalada Detroit, Michigan
- Guddiga Caafimaadka Bukaanka ee Mareykanka, oo ah guddi qeexaya Guddiga takhasusaadka Caafimaadka ee Maraykanka, ayaa la aasaasay 1933
- Kiisaska rickets waxay bilaabaan inay yareeyaan maadama caanaha ay bilaabaan in lagu xoojiyo vitamin D 1933
- Daraasad ayaa la daabacay iyada oo la adeegsanayo isticmaalka benzedrine (qaab amphetamine) carruurta leh dhibaatooyinka dabeecada ee 1937 by Dr. Charles Bradley
- Dr. Dorothy Hansine Andersen wuxuu ahaa cilmi-nafsi iyo 1938-kii, wuxuu noqday qofka ugu horeeya ee lagu aqoonsado in fibro-biska cystic uu yahay cudur. Waxa kale oo ay gacan ka geysatay sameynta tijaabooyinkii ugu horeeyay ee lagu caawiyo baaritaanka CF.
- Hattie Elizabeth Alexander, MD wuxuu ahaa dhakhtarka caruurta iyo macruun yaqaanka ah ee Isbitaalka Carruurta (hadda waa NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital) kaasoo sameeyey daaweyn loogu talogalay Hib meningitis-ka 1940-yadii oo ka fiicnaa daaweyntii hore. Waxay sidoo kale cadeeyeen adkeysiga antibiyotiko ee bakteeriyada Haemophilus influenzae , marxalad kale.
- Drs William E. Ladd iyo Robert E. Gross (oo sameeyay jaangooyada ugu horreysa ee PDA saddex sano ka hor) waxay daabacday buug-yaraha ugu horreeya ee qalliinka carruurta ee 1941, "Qalliinka Cabitaanka Qalitaanka Ubadka iyo Carruurta"
- Dr. Norman M. Gregg ayaa ka warramay cudurrada jadeecada lagu dhasho ee sannadkii 1941
- Dr. Helen Taussig iyo Dr. Alfred Blalock oo ka shaqeynaya sidii loo horumarin lahaa daaweynta qalliinka ee loogu talagalay carruurta yaryar ee Tetralogy of Fallot 1943
- Dr. RL Jackson iyo Mrs. HG Kelly waxay daabaceen jadwalka ugu horreeya ee loo adeegsado carruurta ee 1944
- Daabacaadii koowaad ee "Cunuga iyo Daryeelka Carruurta" waxaa daabacay Dr. Benjamin Spock 1946
- Barnaamijka degenaanshaha ugu horreeya ee howlaha cudurrada carruurta ee bilayska ayaa ka furmay Boston Naval Base bishii Nofembar 1946-dii, inkasta oo ay caruurtu u adeegayeen Ciidamada Ciidanka iyo Ciidanka Badda, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin in ka badan 900 oo ah caruurta Dhakhaatiirta Dagaalka Dunida II
- C. Everett Koop, MD wuxuu noqonayaa dhakhtar qalliin oo ka socda Cisbitaalka Carruurta ee Philadelphia agagaarka 1947
- Martha May Eliot, MD wuxuu noqonayaa haweeneydii ugu horreysey ee loo doorto madaxweynaha Ururka Caafimaadka Bulshada Mareykanka waxaana loo yaqaan "mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu saameynta badan carruurta ee ah in ay qabtaan jagooyinka hay'ad dowladeed ee Maraykanka inta lagu jiro mudo dheer oo xirfad leh."
- Arrinta ugu horreysa ee Cudurada caruurta, joornaalka Akademiyada Maraykanka ee Cilmi-baarista Maraykanka ayaa la daabacay 1948
- Daraasad lagu sameeyey 1948-kii ayaa muujisay in keliya 58% carruurta dhawaan dhalatay laga saaray isbitaalka ka hor intaysan 8 maalmood jirin oo 35% ay si adag u dhalaaleen, 27% waxay ka heleen naaska iyo dhalada iyo 38% oo keliya ayaa caanaha naaska la siiyay
- Margaret Morgan Lawrence, MD wuxuu ahaa dhakhtarka maskaxda carruurta, wuxuuna ahaa haweenkii ugu horeeyay ee African American ah oo ay haystaan shahaadada Guddiga Maraykanka ee Caafimaadka Carruurta iyo sidoo kale Maraykanku ugu horreeyay Afrikaanka ah si uu u buuxsho degenaanshaha New York Psychiatric Institute (1948).
- Dr. Roland B. Scott, oo ahaa guddoomiyaha Jaamacadda Howard ee laga soo bilaabo 1949-kii illaa 1973-dii iyo wuxuu noqday xubintii ugu horreysay ee Afrikaan-American ah ee Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Ameerika ee 1952-kii, waxay u badan tahay inuu yahay kii ugu horreeyey ee madow ee Maraykanka
- 1949-dii, Dr. Edith M. Lincoln, oo ahaa madaxa bukaanka feedhaha carruurta ee Xarunta Cusbitaalka ee Bellevue ee New York City tan iyo 1922-dii, ayaa si guul ah ula dhaqmay daraasad carruur ah oo qaba qaaxada qaaxada iyo qaaxada, oo caadi ahaan u dhintey.
- Buug-gacmeedka Harriet Lane waa markii ugu horreysay ee la daabaco sannadkii 1950-kii, waxayna muddo dheer noqotaa inay tixraac u noqoto dadka degaanka ee carruurta
- Sannadkii 1951, Dr. Natalia Tanner wuxuu noqday lamaanaha ugu horreeya ee Afrikaanka ah ee Akademiyada Maraykanka ee Cilmi-baarista Maraykanka wuxuuna "door muhiim ah ka qaatay kor u qaadista bukaanka aan helin daryeel caafimaad iyo dhakhaatiirta laga tirada badan yahay ee helitaanka xarumaha dawooyinka xirfadlaha ah."
Casriyeynta Casriga ah ee Cudurada Caruurta
Marka laga soo tago horudhac horudhac ah oo ku saabsan cudurrada caruurta, horumarinta kale ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah:
- Dr. Virginia Apgar, oo ah suuxiyoole cilmi-baaris ah, wuxuu horumariyay Apgar Score 1952, kaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tijaabiyo jawaabta ilmaha ee dib-u-soo-nooleynta ka dib markii ay dhashaan
- Katherine Dodd, MD waxay noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysey ee hogaaminaysay Waaxda Caafimaadka ee Waddanka Maraykanka ee 1952 - Jaamacadda Arkansas Medical Center.
- Dr. Edward Press iyo Louis Gdalman, oo ah farmashiiste Chicago, ayaa bilaabay xaruntii kowaad ee xakamaynta sunta 1953, taasoo badanaa keentay shaqada Jorama M. Wheatley, MD iyo shaqadiisa badbaadada carruurta iyo khatarta sunta ilmaha
- Jonas Salk wuxuu kobciyaa tallaalkiisa cudurka dabaysha 1952, waxaana loo isticmaalay in lagu caawiyo ciribtirka cudurka dabaysha ee Maraykanka ilaa laga helo tallaalka dabaysha ee afka laga qaato Albert Licin 1962
- 56 carruur ayaa ku dhacda dabaysha sannadkii 1956 tallaalka cudurka dabaysha ee waxyeellada leh ee waxa loo yaqaan "Eventter Event"
- Daraasad sannadkii 1956 ee dhalatay ee ka soo baxday isbitaal (badanaa 4 ama 5 maalmood oo nolol ah) ayaa hadda muujiyay in 63% ay si adag u dhalaaleen, 16% ayaa laga siiyay naaska iyo dhalada oo kaliya 21% kaliya ayaa naaska la nuugay
- La Leche League waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1956 si loo dhiirrigeliyo naas nuujinta iyo isbedelka dib ugu noqoshada kor u kaca naas-nuujinta
- Dr. Ethel Collins Dunham ayaa daabacay Istaandarada iyo Talooyinka loogu talagalay Daryeelka Cusbitaalka ee dhalaanka cusub, Muddada Dheeriga ah, iyo Dhacdadii 1936-kii, 1957-kii waxay John American Aid Medal ka heshay Ururka Caafimaadka Carruurta ee Maraykanka, sharafkooda ugu sarreeya.
- Frances Kelsy, Ph.D. waxay hor istaagtay iibinta thalidomide ee Mareykanka intii ay ka shaqaynaysay FDA 1960, daroogada oo dhawaan la xiriirta cilladaha dhalashada ee in ka badan 40 dal oo oggolaaday kiniinka hurda ee la siiyey dumarka uurka leh.
- Caanoboorka ganacsiga ilmaha wuxuu bilaabmaa inuu suuq-gareeyo horraantii 1960-kii, waxaana ku jira Lactum, Similac, Enfamil, iyo SMA, oo ku tartamaya caanaha naaska ilmaha (caanaha la kala-soocay iyo biyaha iyo sonkorta lagu daray, sida Dextri-Maltose) iyo naasnuujinta
- Dr. Henry Henry Kempe wuxuu daabacay wargeyska ugu horreeya ee ku saabsan xadgudubka caruurta, "The Child Infected Syndrome", 1962, kaas oo ka caawiya sameynta barnaamijyo caawiya kahortagga iyo daweynta xad-gudubka carruurta
- Talooyinka waxaa loogu talagalay fluoridation of biyaha magaaladda ah ee diirada u dhexeeya 0.7 ilaa 1.2 ppm 1962
- Dr. Robert Guthrie wuxuu horumariyaa tijaabada Guthrie si uu uqorto dhaladka cusub ee loogu talagalay fenylketonuria ( PKU ) 1963
- Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis wuxuu abuuraa bakhaaro u gaar ah xalinta fuuq-celinta afka (ORT) si loogu daaweeyo bukaanka qaba shubanka iyo fuuqbaxa ee Calcutta, India 1966
- Dr. Forrest Bird wuxu soo saari karaa Shimbir Badbaadaha 1970-kii, oo ah kii ugu horreeyay ee soo saaro, qiimo yar, qalab hawleedka carruurta, ka dib markii uu soo bandhigay qaar ka mid ah qalabka farsamoylaha ee ugu horreeya ee la qaadan karo 1950 iyo 60s.
- Nestle boycott ayaa la bilaabay 1977-dii si ay uga mudaaharaadaan shirkadaha kor u qaadaya caanaha naas-nuujinta ee dalalka soo koraya, kuwaas oo horseeday hoos u dhaca naas-nuujinta iyo dhimashada carruurta yaryar, gaar ahaan biyo la'aan nadiif ah oo ka jirta waddankan
- Komishanka Badbaadinta Badeecada Macmiilka ayaa mamnuucaya ranjiga guryaha ee sannadka 1978
- Autism-ka waxaa loo aqoonsanayaa inuu yahay xanuun khaas ah DSM-III 1980, inkastoo calaamadaha cudurka dabeecadda iyo dabeecadaha la sharaxay horraantii 1911
- Waxaa jiray 8,000 illaa 10,000 oo kiis oo Hib meningitis ah oo Maraykan ah sanad kasta 1980-kii, taasoo keentay in 240 ilaa 770 geeriyo carruurta, iyo 6,000 oo dheeraad ah oo cudurro kale oo halis ah ay keento bakteeriyada Hib, oo ay ku jiraan epiglottitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, iyo bakteeriya
- Jadwalka tallaalka carruurnimada ee la soo jeediyey sanadkii 1983 waxaa ku jiray 4 tallaal (DTP, OPV, MMR, Td)
- Tallaalka Hib waxaa lagula talinayaa dhamaan caruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 18 ilaa 59 bilood sanadkii 1988 waxaana la sii balaariyay dhamaan ilmo kasta oo ka bilaabma 2 bilood 1990
- Dib u noqoshada musqusha waxay ka caawisaa in si weyn loo yareeyo khatarta SIDS.
- Inkasta oo ay bilowday in si tartiib tartiib ah loo bilaabo bilowgii 1973-dii, ma ahayn ilaa 1996-kii in iibka gaasta ledhka ah ee gabi ahaanba laga mamnuucay Maraykanka
- Sanadkii 1986, Dr. Mayilyn Hughes Gaston wuxuu daabacaa daraasad waddanka oo dhan ah oo lagu tijaabiyey waxtarka taranka penicillin si looga hortago caabuqyada carruurta qaba cudurka sickle cell, taas oo muujisay in dhammaan dhaladka ay tahay in lagu baaro cudurka sickle cell.
- Sanadkii 1997, tirada dacwadaha Hib ee la soo sheegay ayaa hoos u dhacay 99%
- Gobolo badani waxay bilaabaan inay kordhiyaan barnaamijyada baaritaanka dhaladka cusub si ay u kormeeraan 25 illaa 40 ama xaalado badan oo ku saabsan 2004, iyagoo ka jawaabaya cadaadiska dadweynaha si loo isticmaalo tiknoolajiyada fayadhowrka ee tandem ee qiyaastii ilaa 1996
- CDC-da ayaa daraasad ku sameysay 2007-dii taas oo sheegaysa heerka dhimashada autism ee kala duwan ee 1 ka mid ah 150 oo carruur ah
- Hay'adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) waxay caddaynaysaa bilawga sanadka 2009 H1N1 hargabka faafa ah 11-kii Juun, 2009
- Cerarix, tallaal ka dhan ah HPV, ayaa la ansixiyey 2009, waxaana lagu biiriyaa Gardasil (tallaal kale HPV) oo ku saabsan jadwalka tallaalka si carruurta looga ilaaliyo liiska sii kordhaya ee cudurada talaalka looga hortago, oo ay ku jiraan busbus (Varivax), cudurka pneumococcal (Prevnar 13) , rotavirus (Rotateq iyo Rotarix), cudurka meningococcal (Menactra), iyo cagaarshowga A, oo tallaalkana la ansixiyey tan iyo markii tallaalka cagaarshowga B lagu daray jadwalka talaalka sanadka 1994.
- Tallaalka infalawansada quudiya oo keli ah ayaa diyaar u ah xilliga hargabka 2013-14. Talooyinkan cusub ee tallaalka hargabku waxay ka difaacaan afar nooc oo hargabka ah.
- HPV 9 ayaa la ansixiyay 2014.
- Laba tallaal oo laba nin oo B ah ayaa la ansixiyay 2014.
U noqoshada dhaqtarka caruurta
Koleejka ka dib, ardayda doonaysa inay noqdaan dhakhaatiirta carruurta waxay qaataan MCAT ka dibna waxay tagaan mid ka mid ah 125 dugsi oo daweyn caafimaad ah ama 20 xarumo caafimaad osteopathic ah si ay ugu noqdaan dhakhtar marka hore.
Ka dib afar sano oo dugsi dhakhtar ah, saddex sano oo ah degenaansho cudurada caruurta ayaa kuu diyaarin doona xirfad guud oo ku saabsan cudurrada caruurta.
Dhakhaatiirta Carruurta
Ka sokow cudurrada guud ee cudurrada caruurta, caruurta dhakhtarka carruurta waxay dooran karaan inay ku takhasusaan dhowr goobood, oo ay ka mid yihiin:
- Daawada qaangaarka ah
- Gastroenterology Carruurta
- Daaweynta Wadnaha Carruurta
- Dhakhtarka Ciyaalka-Dhakhtarka
- Xadgudubka Carruurta
- Dhakhaatiirta Cudurrada Cudurada
- Daaweynta Daaweynta Cudurka ee Caruurta
- Daaweynta Neonatal-Perinatal
- Hawlaha Horumarinta-Dabeecadda
- Nephrology Pediatric
- Daaweynta Xaaladaha Degdegta ah ee carruurta
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Dhakhaatiirta 'Endocrinology'
- Rheumatology Cudurada
Dhakhaatiirta kale ee dhakhaatiirta carruurta, sida dhakhtarka carruurta, dhakhaatiirta cudurrada carruurta, ama dhakhtarka carruurta, iwm, lagama maarmaan u ah carruurta cudurada, laakiin, halkii ay ku qaadan lahaayeen tababarka xagga beerahooda, ka dibna tababar dheeraad ah oo takhasus leh.
> Ilo:
> Akhriska Siyaasadda Maraykanka ee Akhbaarta Cudurada Carruurta. Mas'uuliyadda Dhakhaatiirta Carruurta ee Cudurada Caruurta. Pediatrics Vol. 115 Maya 4 Abriil 2005, pp. 1092-1094.
> Akademiyada Maraykanka ee Cilmi-nafsiga. Pediatrics Maraykan ah: Waxyaabihii ugu danbeeyay ee Millennium. Guddiga La-talinta Taariikhda Archives. Pediatrics 2001; 107; 1482-1491
> CDC. Is-beddellada Xeelad Ah ee Hawl- gabka Secondary ee Haemophilus influenzae > Nooca B ee Cudurada >. MMWR. Diisambar 24, 1982/31 (50), 672-674,679-680.
> Charles W. Callahan. Taariikhda Dhakhaatiirta Cilmiyeed ee Ciidanka Ilaalinta: Toban Sano oo Tababar iyo Ku-meelaynta Dhakhaatiirta Gaarka ah. Pediatrics Vol. 103 Maya, 6 Juun 1999, pp. 1298-1303.
> Edmund C. Burke. Ibraahim Jacobi, MD: Man iyo His Legacy. Pediatrics, Feb 1998; 101: 309 - 312.
> Herman F. Meyer. WAXYAABAHA WAXBARASHADA DAWLADDA QARAMADA MIDOOBAY: KA JOOJINTA IYO KALA SOO DIRAYO: Daraasad ku socota 1,904 Isbitaalada leh Labo iyo Quarter Milyan Dhalasho 1956. Pediatrics, Jul 1958; 22: 116 - 121.
> Katherine Bain. Xaaladda Quudinta Quudinta ee Isbitaalada ee Maraykanka. Pediatrics, Sep 1948; 2: 313 - 320.
> Robert C. Brownlee, MD. Taariikhda Caruurta. Guddiga Daryeelka Carruurta ee Mareykanka: Taariikhda Hore iyo Taariikhda Hore. Pediatrics, Noofember 1994; 94: 732 - 735.
> Dumarka ku jira Daryeelka Caafimaadka iyo Cilmi-nafsiga: Taariikhda Aasaasiga ah. Pediatrics, Apr 1983; 71: 681 - 687