Iyada oo ku xiran tahay ilaha, 1928 ama 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming wuxuu ogaaday in "casiir caaryo ah" uu dilo bakteeriyada on Petri dishes. Fleming iyo kuwa kale ee Jaamacadda Oxford ka dibna penicillin laga soocay casiirkan caaryar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah Dagaalkii Dunida II, Britishku ma soo saari karin penisillin tiro ku filan, sidaa darteed Maraykanka ayaa soo saaray wax soo saarka waxayna sameeyeen penicillin si ballaaran loo heli karo.
Kahor intaan la hirgelin antibiyootigyada 1940-kii, dadku waxay si caadi ah u dhintaan oof-wareenka, septicaemia (infakshanka dhiigga), jabtada iyo wax ka badan. Hirgelinta penicillin waxay soo saartay da'da antibiyootikada.
Maxay yihiin Kalasoocida?
Penicillins waa mid dabiici ah ama mid dhexdhexaad ah oo ka kooban qaybta β-lactam (beta-lactam) oo ku xiran giraanta thiazolidine. Penicillins sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin silsilado dhinac ah oo ka kooban halbeegga. Silsiladahan ayaa xakameynaya waxqabadka lidka bakteeriyada ee pericillin kasta.
Waxaa jira shan nooc oo ah penicillins:
- Penicillins dabiiciga ah (Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- Penicillinase-ku-adkeysiga penicillins (ka fikir cloxacillin iyo nafcillin)
- Daawooyinka Antipseudomonal (Ka fikir ticarcillin)
- Kacbada faafa ee dheeraadka ah (feker piperacillin)
Mashruuca Hawlaha
Qeybta ugu badan, penicillins waa bactericidal (oo ka soo horjeeda bacteriostatic ) oo si toos ah u dila bakteeriyada iyada oo faragelinta taranka.
Sidaas awgeed, penicillins ayaa si deg deg ah u dili karta bakteeriyada halista ah.
Gaar ahaan, penicillins waxay ku xidhan tahay borotiinka penicillin-ku xiran (PBPs) kuwaas oo ah peptideas (enzymes) ee derbiyada bakteeriyada. Marka penisillin uu leeyahay ilmo aad u sarreeya oo loogu talagalay PBP gaar ah ee bakteeriya, waxay u shaqeysaa si ka fiican.
Iyadoo loo xaddidayo PBPs, penicillins ayaa xakameynaya golaha peptidoglycan iyo iskuduubka iskudubaridka oo sidaas darteed burburiya qaabka derbiga ee unugyada.
Dareemayaashani waxay ku jiraan maqaarka bakteeriyada oo keena bakteeriyada si ay u baabi'iso (autolysis).
Inta badan dilaaca bakteeriyadu waxay dhacdaa inta lagu jiro marxaladda kobaca ee koritaanka bakteeriyada.
Qeybta ugu badan, penicillins waxay firfircoon tahay oo keliya ka ilaalinta bakteeriyada gram-positive. Bakteeriyada Gram-negative waxay leedahay lakinfilacasaac ama xuubbo gudaha ah taas oo adkeyneysa in penicillins ay jabiso derbiga unugyada iyo helitaanka PBPs.
Si loo wada shaqeeyo, giraanta penicillin beta-lactam waa inay ahaato mid joogto ah. Sida habka ugu weyn ee caabiga, bakteeriyooyin badan ayaa u kordhay inay soo saaraan beta-laktamases, enzim oo soo jiidanaya giraanta beta-lactam penicillin oo waxtar leh.
Daaweynta
Penicillins waxaa loo heli karaa sida kiniinno, kaniiniyo, iyo xalal cirbad. Penicillins ayaa guud ahaan si fiican looga nuugay mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka oo si ballaaran loo qaybiyey jirka oo idil. Qeybta ugu badan, penicillins ayaa laga saaraa kaadida.
In kasta oo qaababka caabuqa bakteeriyadu ay si halis ah u xakameynayaan waxtarka leh penicillins, xaalado badan, penicillins ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daaweeyo cuduro kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin:
- Infakshannada neefta oo sareeya sida oof-wareenka
- Infekshinka kaadimareenka
- Septicaemia
- Lafaha iyo cudurada wadajirka ah
- Qoorgooyaha
- Infakshannada gudaha ee caloosha
- Cudurada galmada la isugu gudbiyo sida jabtada iyo waraabowga
Xasuusta, penicillins ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu daaweeyo qandhada nooca faafka iyo cudurka Lyme.
Waxyeellada xun
Saameynaha caadiga ah ee ku dhaca penicillins waxaa ku jira shuban sahlan, lallabo, matag, madax xanuun iyo khamriga siilka. Marmarka qaarkood, penicillins waxay keeni kartaa finan yaryar, furuuruc, iyo dareen-celin khatar ah ama xasaasiyad alerjiga ah sida anaphylaxis iyo neefritis ba'an oo dhexdhexaad ah.
Daawada ugu wanaagsan ee xasaasiyadda ku jirta penicillin waa iska ilaalinta penicillin. Haddii aad la kulantid waxyeello ka timaada isticmaalka penicillin, fadlan u sheeg dhakhtarkaaga ka hor inta aadan qorin daawooyinkaas.
Inkasta oo xasaasiyad xayawaanka dhabta ah ee xiniinyaha ah ee anaphylaxis ku dhaco ay dhif tahay 1 ilaa 5 xaaladood 10,000 xaaladood oo ah daaweynta penicillin-maxaa yeelay cephalosporins waxay wadaagaan qaabdhismeed kiimiko oo la mid ah penicillins, dadka xasaasiyad ku leh penicillins inta badan lama qoro cephalosporins iyo waliba.
1940-wax yar ka yar 10 sano ka dib markii la ogaaday - kooxda penicillin ee ka caawisay helitaanka daawada ayaa ogaaday in bakteeriyadu ay yareeyeen si ay u noqdaan kuwo u adkaysta penicillinska waxayna horey u soo saareen penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Maskaxda ku hay in caabuqa bakteeriyadu uu yahay mid qadiimi ah oo muddo dheer ka soo horjeeda helitaanka antibiotics.
Maanta, iska caabinta antibiyootikadu waa walaac caafimaad oo guud ee dadweynaha waana wax aan dhammaanteen ka hortagi karno. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa muhim inoo ah inaan ogaanno in antibiyootiggu ay weyn yihiin, laakiin ma dagaallami karaan dhammaan infekshannada - gaar ahaan cudurrada fayraska. Intaas waxaa dheer, haddii laguu qoro daawada antibiyootikada dhakhtarkaaga, fadlan buuxi dhammaan koorsada daaweynta.
Ilaha:
Aoki FY. Qodobka 45aad. Mabaadi'da Daaweynta Daawada Dabaysha iyo Daaweynta Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Daawooyinka Ka Hortagsan In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LH. eds. Mabaadii'da Daryeelka Khatarta ah, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Khabiirka Mukhaadaraadka ee Mosby ee Xirfadleyda Caafimaadka, daabacaadii labaad ee daabacay Elsevier 2010.